In my previous post I presented a German brain scan study that indicate that gynephilic male to female (MTF) trans women show the same brain patterns as XX ciswomen when being shown an erotic movie.
That study undermines Ray Blanchard’s argument that MTF trans women are “autogynephilic” men with a male sexuality.
In the German study only two out of the twelwe trans women included said they were attracted to men.
This leaves us with a puzzle: How would a group of androphilic, man-loving, trans women react to such a test. Would they show brain patterns more like men rather than like women?
I remind you that Ray Blanchard, the man behind the autogynephilia-theory, believes androphilic trans women are feminine gay men, and that it is their sexual orientation towards men that makes them feminine. Gynephilic men is therefore per definition masculine.
Given a study where “normal” heterosexual ciswomen are compared with heterosexual (i.e. androphilic) male to female trans women, the trans women should display the same pattern as the ciswomen.
The German study was dominated by gynephilic trans women and I have no way of getting separate results for the two androphilic trans women included. It would not make much of a difference anyway, as a sample of two is too small.
No one else have -- to my knowledge -- done a similar study with androphilic trans women. If we want to find out more about this we must look for a study that touches upon some of the same problems, and that includes androphilic trans women.
The Spanish study
It turns out we have such a study. It is so fresh that it has not been formally published yet.
The study is called “The microstructure of white matter in male to female transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A DTI study” and it comes from Spain and Catalonia.
The DTI brain scan was performed in 18 male to female (MTF)transsexuals and 19 male and 19 female controls. All contols were heterosexual, and in this case the researchers had also selected androphilic trans women only. Their average age was 25 years.
The paper adds:
“For study inclusion, transsexual subjects needed to self-identify as an MtF transsexual, deny any history of hormonal treatment and declare their intention of undergoing cross-sex hormonal therapy.”
Why they selected androphilic trans women only is not said. If I am to be kind, I would say that they wanted to exclude sexual orientation as a variable, making the study simpler. It could, of course, also be caused by the steroetypical belief that only androphilic trans women are truly feminine.
Never mind! In this case the selection suits our purpose.
Measuring gender traits
Note that the Spaniards and Catalans did not study how the subjects react to erotic videos. Instead they focused on brain areas that are believed to reflect stereotypical gender behavior.
This makes it less suitable for a study of transgender sexuality. It also makes it harder to determine if any differences found are inborn or the result of upbringing and social conditioning. The brain is, after all, very plastic, and changes according to use.
If I understand this correctly the Spaniards are looking at brain areas that are believe to reflect sex differences in cognition, including spatial abilities and verbal fluency.
This is how they summarize their objective:
“Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been shown to be sensitive in detecting white matter differences between sexes...The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether white matter patterns in male to female (MtF) transsexuals before commencing cross-sex hormone treatment are also more similar to those of their biological sex or whether they are more similar to those of their gender identity.”
In some areas the trans women had similar global volumes to male controls and these volumes differed significantly from those of the females. In other areas the MtF transsexuals fell between those of male and female controls.
This is how they summarize their results (don't worry about the latin terms; the context will be explained):
“...MtF transsexuals differed from both male and female controls bilaterally in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, the right anterior cingulum, the right forceps minor, and the right corticospinal tract.”
“Except for the inferior frontooccipital fasciculus, the FA values of MtF transsexuals for all the fasciculi were significantly different from those male and female controls.”
Their conclusion:
“...Our results show that the white matter microstructure pattern in untreated MtF transsexuals falls halfway between the pattern of male and female controls. The nature of these differences suggests that some fasciculi do not complete the masculinization process in MtF transsexuals during brain development.”
The researchers believe the subjects have become transsexual because their natural "masculinization" was hindered, most likely in the womb.
Crossdreamers are feminine, androphilic trans women are not?
Based on the German and Spanish studies it should therefore be possible to argue that gynephilic trans women show brain patterns that are fully feminized (the German study), while the androphilic trans women are only partially feminized (the Spanish study).
If we accept Blanchard’s premise that all gynephilic trans women are “autogynephiliacs” (which I don’t, but I am being rhetorical here), well, then we must conclude that “autogynephiliacs” (crossdreamers) have feminine brains, while androphilic trans women have hybrid brains.
I must admit I find this more than a little amusing, and I am sure Anne Lawrence and the rest of the Blanchard supporters will spend days trying to pick these studies apart, explaining that the Spanish trans women were really autogynephilic or whatever.
Take a deep breath...
Do I believe gynephilic trans women are more feminine than androphilic trans women?
No.
We have to take all of this with a truck load of salt. These studies are very interesting interventions in an ongoing debate on the nature of transgenderism, but the methodological and theoretical challenges are mind blowing.
Besides, you always have to take the cultural bias of the researchers into consideration, and that bias not only decides the research question, but it also colors the interpretation of results. Note for instance how the Germans excluded “non-autogynephiliacs” and the Spaniards excluded gynephilic trans women, without explaining why they did so.
As regards the interpretation of this study, the following should be kept in mind:
In the German study only two out of the twelwe trans women included said they were attracted to men.
This leaves us with a puzzle: How would a group of androphilic, man-loving, trans women react to such a test. Would they show brain patterns more like men rather than like women?
I remind you that Ray Blanchard, the man behind the autogynephilia-theory, believes androphilic trans women are feminine gay men, and that it is their sexual orientation towards men that makes them feminine. Gynephilic men is therefore per definition masculine.
Given a study where “normal” heterosexual ciswomen are compared with heterosexual (i.e. androphilic) male to female trans women, the trans women should display the same pattern as the ciswomen.
The German study was dominated by gynephilic trans women and I have no way of getting separate results for the two androphilic trans women included. It would not make much of a difference anyway, as a sample of two is too small.
No one else have -- to my knowledge -- done a similar study with androphilic trans women. If we want to find out more about this we must look for a study that touches upon some of the same problems, and that includes androphilic trans women.
The Spanish study
It turns out we have such a study. It is so fresh that it has not been formally published yet.
The study is called “The microstructure of white matter in male to female transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A DTI study” and it comes from Spain and Catalonia.
The DTI brain scan was performed in 18 male to female (MTF)transsexuals and 19 male and 19 female controls. All contols were heterosexual, and in this case the researchers had also selected androphilic trans women only. Their average age was 25 years.
The paper adds:
“For study inclusion, transsexual subjects needed to self-identify as an MtF transsexual, deny any history of hormonal treatment and declare their intention of undergoing cross-sex hormonal therapy.”
Why they selected androphilic trans women only is not said. If I am to be kind, I would say that they wanted to exclude sexual orientation as a variable, making the study simpler. It could, of course, also be caused by the steroetypical belief that only androphilic trans women are truly feminine.
Never mind! In this case the selection suits our purpose.
Measuring gender traits
Note that the Spaniards and Catalans did not study how the subjects react to erotic videos. Instead they focused on brain areas that are believed to reflect stereotypical gender behavior.
This makes it less suitable for a study of transgender sexuality. It also makes it harder to determine if any differences found are inborn or the result of upbringing and social conditioning. The brain is, after all, very plastic, and changes according to use.
If I understand this correctly the Spaniards are looking at brain areas that are believe to reflect sex differences in cognition, including spatial abilities and verbal fluency.
This is how they summarize their objective:
“Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been shown to be sensitive in detecting white matter differences between sexes...The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether white matter patterns in male to female (MtF) transsexuals before commencing cross-sex hormone treatment are also more similar to those of their biological sex or whether they are more similar to those of their gender identity.”
In some areas the trans women had similar global volumes to male controls and these volumes differed significantly from those of the females. In other areas the MtF transsexuals fell between those of male and female controls.
This is how they summarize their results (don't worry about the latin terms; the context will be explained):
“...MtF transsexuals differed from both male and female controls bilaterally in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, the right anterior cingulum, the right forceps minor, and the right corticospinal tract.”
“Except for the inferior frontooccipital fasciculus, the FA values of MtF transsexuals for all the fasciculi were significantly different from those male and female controls.”
Their conclusion:
“...Our results show that the white matter microstructure pattern in untreated MtF transsexuals falls halfway between the pattern of male and female controls. The nature of these differences suggests that some fasciculi do not complete the masculinization process in MtF transsexuals during brain development.”
The researchers believe the subjects have become transsexual because their natural "masculinization" was hindered, most likely in the womb.
Crossdreamers are feminine, androphilic trans women are not?
Based on the German and Spanish studies it should therefore be possible to argue that gynephilic trans women show brain patterns that are fully feminized (the German study), while the androphilic trans women are only partially feminized (the Spanish study).
If we accept Blanchard’s premise that all gynephilic trans women are “autogynephiliacs” (which I don’t, but I am being rhetorical here), well, then we must conclude that “autogynephiliacs” (crossdreamers) have feminine brains, while androphilic trans women have hybrid brains.
I must admit I find this more than a little amusing, and I am sure Anne Lawrence and the rest of the Blanchard supporters will spend days trying to pick these studies apart, explaining that the Spanish trans women were really autogynephilic or whatever.
Take a deep breath...
Do I believe gynephilic trans women are more feminine than androphilic trans women?
No.
We have to take all of this with a truck load of salt. These studies are very interesting interventions in an ongoing debate on the nature of transgenderism, but the methodological and theoretical challenges are mind blowing.
Besides, you always have to take the cultural bias of the researchers into consideration, and that bias not only decides the research question, but it also colors the interpretation of results. Note for instance how the Germans excluded “non-autogynephiliacs” and the Spaniards excluded gynephilic trans women, without explaining why they did so.
As regards the interpretation of this study, the following should be kept in mind:
The brain is plastic, and changes with learning. Spain is in many ways a liberal society, and shows greater tolerance towards same-sex relationships and transsexuals than most. Still, this is the heartland of Catholicism, and the genders often remain segregated. This means that a trans woman growing up as a boy is more likely to have been encouraged to engage in male typical activities. The intermediate position between male and female may therefore reflect the struggle between a female mind and a male upbringing, rather than an incomplete masculinization of the brain during pregnancy.
The idea that women are more likely to develop good language skills and men better spatial skills for genetic reasons has not been proved. It might be that current tests show such a difference between men and women on an aggregate level, but most -- if not all -- of these differences can be explained as an effect of upbringing. (See Rebecca M. Jordan-Young: Brain Storm)
It was not that long ago women were considered unfit for the priesthood, engineering, soldiering, politics, medicine and everything not touchy feely. In my country women are everywhere. And even if there is some biological slant in one or the other direction, the diversity within the two sexes makes it hard to use these dimensions as a measuring rod for true femininity, especially with such small samples. In that respect the German study is more realistic, as it can be interpreted to be pointing more directly to a pre-cultural biological basis: i.e. sexual instincts.
I would expect to find similar results if you mapped the brains of gynephilic trans women using this methodology.
The female to male study
The Spanish researchers have done a similar study of female to male transsexuals. In the study the transmen were much more closer to the XY men than the male to female trans women were to XX women in the study presented in this post.
The researchers write:
“In conclusion, our results show that the white matter micro-structure pattern in untreated FtM transsexuals is closer to the pattern of subjects who share their gender identity (males) than to those who share their biological sex (females). Our results provide evidence for structural differences in the untreated FtM trans-sexual’s brain.”
Again this could be explained by cultural factors. It is less stigmatizing for a woman to take up "masculine" interests than for a man to take up "feminine" interest. To give one example: We readily accept women doctors, but find it harder not to question a male nurse. It is therefore easier for a woman bodied person to develop "male" brain patterns, than for a male bodied person to develop "female" ones.
Using brain scans for determining transsexuality
The German researchers hope their methods can be used to map young gender confused people in order to determine whether they really are transsexual. Such findings could therefore be used to determine whether they should undergo early hormone treatments.
According to the New Scientist, Antonie Guillamon, lead scientist of the Spanish study, thinks such scans may not help in all cases. "Research has shown that white matter matures during the first 20 to 30 years of life," he says. "People may experience early or late onset of transsexuality and we don't know what causes this difference."
That is fair.
References
“The microstructure of white matter in male to female transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A DTI study” Giuseppina Rametti, Beatriz Carrillo, Esther Gómez-Gil, Carme Junque, Leire Zubiarre-Elorza,Santiago Segovia, Ángel Gomez, Antonio Guillamon, In press, Journal of Psychiatric Research (2010), doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.007
“White matter microstructure in female to male transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A diffusion tensor imaging study.” Giuseppina Rametti, Beatriz Carrillo, Esther Gómez-Gil, Carme Junque, Santiago Segovia, Ángel Gomez, Antonio Guillamon, Journal of Psychiatric Research 45 (2011) 199-204
Interesting I wish I could have the brain scan.
ReplyDeleteThis is a wonderful post. I loved it simply.
ReplyDeleteWell, at the end, my question still remains the same as in the previous article: is it really necessary that men will react a certain way to erotic material and women in another way? In other words, is such a study enough to know the difference between real masculinity and real femininity?
What is natural masculinity? What is natural femininity?
@Abhirup
ReplyDeleteOne of the leading scientists in the evolutionary biology camp, Baron-Cohen, talks about empathic female brains and analytic male brains. His problem is that only 50 percent of the women he has studied have a "female brain". That tells me that words like "feminine" and "masculine" are very misleading, indeed.
Jack, do you have a reference to that Baron-Cohen study? I wonder how many men had empathic female brains - if for example 10% do, for the sake of argument, then wouldn't it be correct to say that it's 5X as likely to have an empathic female brain if you're born a woman?
ReplyDeletePerhaps a 5:1 predominance is enough to propagate/promote the cultural observation that empathic behaviour is a general trait of all women.
Firstly, there is what we call natural femininity and natural masculinity. And then are the social gender roles of masculinity and femininity. I believe even the most naturally masculine men don't actually fit into those gender roles of social masculinity but all they do is present themselves as masculine- so that they are seen as one of the men. Similarly feminine women want to be seen as one of the women.
ReplyDeleteHowever, TG people for certain reasons, violate the gender norms because they never feel their gender totally inside. Something happens in them that makes them feel out of place and that is certainly not their sexual orientation alone.
A brain study showing response to erotic stimuli is not going to be convincing enough though. Why would a TG male feel feminine when he is playing passive role? Why then do a lot of homosexual masculine men not feel feminine on being penetrated?
ReplyDeleteWhat makes one identify as feminine and one identify as masculine even though both of them like the same type of sexual activity?
Well this is pretty interesting. One thing i noticed was the different between the gynephilic transwomen and the androphilic transwomen. Perhaps the gynephilics like women because their brains are more feminized then the androphilic. They would then prefer to be with women.
ReplyDeleteWell androphilic transwomen aren't as feminized so they prefer men.
Of course this doesn't nessarily explain other kinds of sexuality like being bi-sexual or asexual. But it is something to consider.
Sean,
ReplyDeleteI am a feminine bisexual male and when I feel intensely feminine, I prefer to be with women than with men. Usually I am not, so, I would like to have a male lover so that we could have a masculine oriented company to an extent. It is another thing of course that sexually I am feminine in both ways....I am passive sexually with both men and women.
It does hence seem that androphilic transwomen are a bit less feminine than the gynephilic and their masculine part actually tends to like men.
For the record, I don't think asexuality is a valid orientation in itself. Asexuals mostly are quite romantic and just dont have the physical attraction thing, so they are quite like sexuals minus the physical.
ReplyDeleteAromantics exist, but such people usually also like strong emotional bonds from time to time and are mostly pan in that sense.
Jack,
ReplyDeleteI agree with april here. Statistical counts determine a lot about generally observed characteristics I think. Now can you really challenge the idea that a predominantly passive male always turns out to be more feminine than the average male? That of course does not mean that everytime a man takes passive role, he feels feminine enough (considering that every man has some femininity in him and every woman some masculinity). However, it is which governs our personality mostly that determines our gender I guess.
And it turns out to be true that feminine and TG males mostly are wired to have a reverse copulatory instinct although they are not "weak" for that in real sense. Many are power bottoms.
ReplyDelete"Jack, do you have a reference to that Baron-Cohen study?"
ReplyDeleteBaron-Cohen reports that just under 50 percent of women, but only 17 percent of men, have a female E-type brain. 60 percent of men report an S-type (systematizing) brain, compared with 17 percent of women. Note that this study is based on the subjects responding to questions, and as such it is not only biased on the basis of social conditioning, but also on how the respondents want to appear. Baron-Cohen, Knickmeyer and Belmonte 2005, table 1: http://bit.ly/eGrxTb
Here is a quote from Cordelia Fine's Delusion of Gender:
"As journalist Amada Schaffer pointed out in Slate that there is something curious about equating empathizing with the female brain, albeit by a whisker, the majority of women do not claim to have a predominantly empathizing focus. She reports that when she asked Baron-Cohen about this, he 'admitted that he's thought twice about his male brain/female brain terminology, but he didn't disavow it."
" Now can you really challenge the idea that a predominantly passive male always turns out to be more feminine than the average male? "
ReplyDeleteI must admit I refer to this research just as much to confront gender stereotypes as to use it to prove that crossdreamers are "feminine".
What does feminine mean, anyway. Are we talking about looks and mannerisms? Are we talking about aggressive vs. passive, introvert vs. extrovert, empathic vs. analytic.
I don't see a clear pattern here, a pattern that cannot be explained as the result of culture and nurture.
The only clear exception is body shape and size (but even there there is a lot of variation) and the fact that women can give birth to a child.
And even if there is a statistical difference, the fact that 17 percent of women have a "male brain" and 17 percent of men have a "female brain" and still identify with their own body sex, proves that these differences cannot be used to determine sex identity.
This means that gender dysphoria must either be psychological or it must be anchored in pre-cultural instincts. I have argued before for why I doubt it is purely psychological.
It is true, however, that the copulation instinct alone cannot explain the crossdreamer condition, as there are gay men who prefer being receptive and who nevertheless identify as men.